There is mounting evidence suggesting that the vaccine to prevent meningitis (MenB) provides some cross-protectionĪgainst gonorrhoea. Research to develop vaccines against genital herpes and HIV is advanced, with several vaccine candidates in early clinical development.

To eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem globally, high coverage targets for HPV vaccination, screening and treatment of precancerous lesions, and management of cancer mustīe reached by 2030 and maintained at this high level for decades. In 111 countries, primarily high- and middle-income countries. By the end of 2020, the HPV vaccine had been introduced as part of routine immunization programmes These vaccines have represented major advances in STI prevention. Safe and highly effective vaccines are available for 2 viral STIs: hepatitis B and HPV. When possible, condoms should be used in all vaginal and anal sex. Although highly effective, condoms do not offer protection for STIs that cause extra-genital ulcers (i.e., syphilis or genital When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective methods of protection against STIs, including HIV. STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia are major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women.

Hepatitis B resulted in an estimated 820 000 deaths in 2019, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

HPV infection causes cervical and other cancers.

Mother-to-child transmission of STIs can result in stillbirth, neonatal death, low-birth weight and prematurity, sepsis, neonatal conjunctivitis and congenital deformities.STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition.STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. An estimatedĢ96 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B globally. Than 490 million people were estimated to be living with genital herpes in 2016, and an estimated 300 million women have an HPV infection, the primary cause of cervical cancer and anal cancer among men who have sex with men. In 2020, WHO estimated 374 million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs: chlamydia (129 million), gonorrhoea (82 million), syphilis (7.1 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). More than 1 million STIs are acquired every day.

STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide. These herald increasing challenges in the provision of adequate services for STIs prevention and control. In addition, emerging outbreaks of new infections that can be acquired by sexual contact such as monkeypox, Shigella sonnei, Neisseria meningitidis, Ebola and Zika, as well as re-emergence of neglected STIs such as lymphogranuloma venereum. The other 4 are incurable viral infections: hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV and human papillomavirus Of these, 4 are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of STIs. Some STIs can also be transmitted from mother-to-child during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. More than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites are known to be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex.

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